Legal Environment Torts and Product Liability

Introduction A tort is a civil wrong that is committed as a breach of duty owed to somebody else. The law of torts covers different topics like false imprisonment, auto accidents, product liability and slander and libel. Environmental pollution may also be included in such a case. The person who suffers is supposed to be compensated by the person who is liable or responsible for the injury inflicted.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The role of economic torts is to ensure that individuals are protected from a possible interference in their business or trade operations. As a form of a case law, product liability ensures that manufacturers, distributors as well as the retailers of a product bear responsibility in the event that a product that they offer to the market results in any injury to the consumers. This is because they are the on es who make customers access the product and hence should be ready to explain the injury in question. In this case, they should be able to maintain their responsibility for any action. In a legal environment, a specific case can be said to be frivolous if it has little or no chance of being won in the courts (Coase, 1990, p.4). The claim is termed frivolous if it is found to be rather absurd. This might be regardless of the legal standing that the case seems to be portraying at that particular time. In some occasions, the case might be prohibited by the law. On the other hand, a case can only be certified to be frivolous after a proper investigation has been done. The legal environment plays an integral role in business and can either make the environment (business) favorable or unfavorable. Companies continue to face lawsuits as a result of their business activities and this study will look at two cases that have manifested themselves in recent years. Discussion Facts We have two c ases where both complainants sued for what they considered to be damages done on them. In the first case, Stella Liebeck sued McDonalds for damages from the third degree burns she sustained from hot McDonalds coffee that she spilled on her lap while seated in her car (Ted, 2005, p. 16). The key fact about this case is that Stella was not driving when she pulled the lid off but rather she was on the passenger’s seat. She had ordered for coffee from the drive-through window of the company’s franchised restaurant. At that particular time, it was her grandson who was driving the car. The incident took place as the grandson attempted to pull over the car so that she could have time to add cream and sugar to her coffee. By the time this occurred, the hot cup of coffee was between her knees.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the coffee spilled, she had to sit in the puddle of hot liquid for over 90 seconds. In addition, she was seriously burned and needed treatment and rehabilitation for almost two years. This was after she sustained 6-16% burns on her skin thereby undergoing skin grafting. In the second case, Roy L. Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for several million dollars for damages resulting from a lost pair of trousers (Fisher, 2007, p. 8). The company in question was a dry cleaning establishment owned by the Chungs. The allegations were that the son took the pants to be dry cleaned but the dry cleaner delayed in delivering them back to the client because he had sent these to a different dry cleaner by mistake. When the pants were returned to Pearson after the expiry of his pick up date, he declined to have them, claiming that these were not his pants. This made him to launch a lawsuit against the dry cleaners. Issues In the case of Liebeck, she had sought to settle the issue with the company. She only wanted $ 20,000 to settle her medical costs which were in real essence $ 11,000. The company did not see it realistic to pay her this amount and offered $800 (Gerlin, 1994, p. 9). After the company refused to increase this amount, she sought the services of a Texas attorney (Reed Morgan) to file a suit in a New Mexico district court. In the suit, they accused McDonalds of gross negligence. They said that the company was selling defectively manufactured and unreasonably dangerous coffee. McDonalds refused to agree to any settlements outside the court as they could not come to terms with any of Morgan’s offers. In forwarding and arguing their case they said that the company served extremely hot coffee that did not conform to the industry recommended temperatures. The company’s franchises served coffee at 180 -190F. Given the high temperature level, it was established that the coffee could have inflicted burns on the victims in a very short time, between two and seven seconds. From Pearson’s case, he demanded the price of the pants as his compensation (Steiner, 2007, p. 12). The amount in question here was $1000 which was turned down by the owners of the company (Chungs). After failing to agree, he filed the case in the District of Columbia superior court. In advancing his case, Pearson had two points of argument.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first claim said that the pair of pants in question was not the original one he had given the drycleaners to clean. In the second claim he had an issue with the signs posted outside the business. According to Pearson, the signs at the business premises were a real distraction because of the guarantee by the business premises to offer same day delivery service. In this case, the dry cleaner did not fulfill this promise. What law applies? The law has clear guidelines on what should be d one in cases of product negligence and liability. In such cases, the injured has to show that the defendant did not use reasonable care in manufacturing and designing the product. The manufacturer is also supposed to give adequate warnings in advance so that customers are made aware (Koppel, 2010, p. 14). In cases of strict liability of tort, the plaintiff has to prove that he was injured by the product. It must also be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the injury came about as a result of a defect in the product. The defect should have existed from the time the product left the manufacturer and continued being there. The law is clear that customers should be protected from unsafe products. Because the products end up causing injury to their consumers, manufacturers are supposed to bear the costs of the injuries. When a product lacks adequate warnings, instructions or even labels, then it is deemed defective. In filing cases, the injured must prove that the manufacturers did not g ive adequate instructions on the products. When a consumer is aware of a potential risk and assumes it, the manufacturer can not be held liable for any injury caused (Steiner, 2007, p. 9). In cases of intentional tort, the complainant is supposed to prove that there was a voluntary act or intent. There must be a tangible prove that there was causation of the problem in question. If the plaintiff agreed to the act there might be no case to be argued in this scenario. Intentional torts are supposed to protect individuals from any kind of injury and ensure that their properties are safe. In the long run, they are supposed to take care of business relationships and economic interests of all the parties involved. This could also result in emotional distress on a victim as a result of the defendant’s outrageous conduct. Whenever a person is subjected to severe emotional suffering, there is a case to be answered by the accused (Gerlin, 1994, p. 6). In extreme cases, there should be no proximate or actual causation of any emotional distress to a given individual. The law does not allow any trespass to personal property. In a broad sense, it does not have any provision for altering personal property. An individual does not have any moral authority to control the property of another person in any given case.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What did the judge and/or jury decide? In Liebeck’s case the verdict was reached by a twelve person jury. Using the comparative negligence principle, the jury reached a conclusion that McDonald’s was to blame for the incident in question. In addition, Liebeck was found to be 20% responsible as a result of her fault. It is quite clear that the coffee had a warning on it but the jury was of the opinion that it was not large enough to be noticed by the complainant. As a result they were able to award her compensatory damages worth $ 200, 000 which was later reduced by 20% to $160, 000.Liebeck was also awarded punitive damages worth $2.7 million (Gerlin, 1994, 3). This was settled at because the company was estimated to collect $1.35 million per day. The punitive damages were reduced to $ 480,000. These figures were disputed by both McDonalds and Liebeck. Later on they decided for an out of court settlement of not more than $ 600,000.After the Chungs presenting three conse cutive offers which were rejected by Pearson the court made a concern that the plaintiff was acting in bad faith. Some issues were ruled in their favor of the Chungs but the judges were convinced that they had a case to answer. The trial to this case came to a close in 2007. In this case, the judge handed victory to the dry cleaners. She also awarded them court costs which were pursuant to a motion (Koppel, 2010, p. 23). The Chungs later on withdrew this motion to shy away from being given the court costs. In addition, the court had taken a judicial notice of Pearson’s divorce proceedings. This decision was not received well by Pearson who had an issue with the ruling where he said that the court had made numerous errors that needed to be looked into again (Koppel, 2010, p. 17). On the other hand, the Chungs moved to recover $83,000 in attorney’s fees (Koppel, 2010, p. 13). Appropriate decision based on the applicable law In both cases, the judges made the best and app ropriate decisions in relation to the law. Starting from Liebecks case the company had a case to answer. It is evident that there were numerous cases that had been filed in relation to McDonalds products. The cases are estimated to be 700. This therefore raises a question about the company’s commitment to resolve this issue even when it had foreseen it coming (through the cases filled). Although the coffee cup had a warning, it was not satisfactory enough to be able to capture the attention of the customer and this can be said to be negligence (Bainbridge, 2004, p. 11). Under normal circumstances, the law is clear that manufactures are supposed to put on their products warnings, guidelines and instructions. This is supposed to help customers in using the product thereby avoiding any accidents that can lead to injury. The complainant was able to prove beyond reasonable doubt that indeed he had been injured while using the product. Because the product ended up causing injury to the consumer, McDonald is supposed to bear the costs of the injuries (Gerlin, 1994, p. 5). As a matter of fact the judges were fair in awarding Stella the money she got. In the second case of Pearson the ruling was fair as the dry cleaners had not contravened any law. There was no evidence that they had breached any law in handling his pants. In fact the pants were ready for collection at the agreed date. The judge did not see any case that the dry cleaners were supposed to answer. When a person is subjected to a severe emotional suffering; there is a case to be answered by the accused. In extreme cases there should be no proximate or actual causation of any emotional distress to a given individual. This is not seen in this case as Pearson has no strong basis of argument. As a matter of fact, the dry cleaners had proved that the pants belonged to Pearson as their records and receipts (in his possession) proved them right. Ethical issues There are notable ethical issues in the cases . The judges had professional ethical issues to look at. Professional ethical issues do not differ from the legal issues. Judges were supposed to ensure that they give the cases the necessary professional approach at their disposal (Bainbridge, 2004, p. 21). This was to be done in relation to the law. Since these were distinct cases they needed to be guided by what the law says about a certain issue. Professionalism is an ethical issue that goes well with the legal issues. In giving sound rulings, the judges ensured that they have adhered to the legal issues as far as their profession dictates. Therefore, it can be said that this ethical issue did not differ with the legal issues put in place. Another ethical issue was from the way the suits were filed. They were supposed to be filed on the existing legal framework. Liebeck can be said to have followed the right ethical issue by presenting a genuine case. It is ethical to be genuine with the complaints we put forward and they should not contravene the legal issues (we have to in cooperate). Hence, in this case it can be said that the ethical issues did not differ with the legal issues. There is an extreme case where the ethical issue does differ with the legal issue. Ethically Pearson’s case does not have any legal basis that can support it (Koppel, 2010, p. 20). In filing the case, it would have been wise for him to know if it is worth what it takes instead of him going ahead yet he had no prove that the dry cleaners had lost his pants. In a legal environment, ethical issues can help to reinforce and enhance legal issues that will promote professionalism. Through this, there is bound to be sincere and genuine frameworks of solving legal related issues. Is either one or both of these cases frivolous? In a legal environment, a case can be said to be frivolous if it has little or no chance of winning in the courts. The claim is termed frivolous if it is found to be rather absurd. This might be regardless of the legal standing that the case seems to be portraying at a particular time. In some occasions the cases might be prohibited by law. On the other hand, a case can only be certified to be frivolous after proper investigation has been done. The first case of Liebeck does not have any signs of being frivolous based on the way it was approached. She was right to file a suit against the company after looking at it from a winning point of view, this was guided by the fact that 700 cases had been advanced about the company before. One can not term this case absurd because there was concrete evidence that she had been burnt by the company’s product and hence the need to file it. The coffee that burnt her was produced at high temperatures (that were much higher) than what other competitors were offering in the market (Ted, 2005, p. 13). In making the ruling, the Judge acknowledged that coffee (from McDonalds) had instructions. In addition these instructions were not comprehensive enough. If the instructions would have been clearer and understandable enough she could not have burnt herself. This case can not be termed frivolous because it had not been presumed so by law. The law is able to identify such cases and know how to deal with them. Such cases are normally considered to be baseless. The second case of Pearson was frivolous because the law prohibits such a case. An example is from the way the magistrate threw it away without seeing any basis of argument. This case does not any basis of argument as it looks too absurd that he is suing the dry cleaners yet they gave him his pants (Koppel, 2010, p. 12). The dry cleaners have proved beyond reasonable doubt that they are genuine. To prove that they had the original pants they gave out the records and receipts of sales. Cases need to be well evaluated before they are filed to ensure that they are not frivolous at all. This is necessary to ensure that the legal frameworks are efficient in solving any business problem that arises. Business owners Business owners have faced various problems in relation to their products. Their products have either been defective or they have ended up injuring those using them. These kinds of problems are expected but caution has to be taken as they have adverse effects if they turn out to be true. This is because the company might end up paying a lot of money in damages or compensation. As a matter of fact, this eats into their profits. Although the two cases are distinct, there is a way that the owners could have prevented them from occurring. The owners or management of McDonalds had done everything possible to ensure that customers read instructions on the use of their coffee (Coase, 1990, p.14). This is laudable as customers need such directions and guidelines to be able to use the products effectively. The only loophole they have not sealed is their inability to ensure that the instructions are well laid out and clearly visible to their consumers (Te d, 2005, p. 26). Through this, they could have avoided this problem. They need to ensure that this is done so that any other future lawsuits on this basis end up being baseless. McDonalds have served their coffee in high temperatures to ensure that they stay hot for a long time. There have been complaints that their coffee is too hot compared to what other competitors are offering in the market. Because of this, they could have reduced the temperatures (that their coffee should have) as it could not have resulted into serious burns. The problem was made worse by the high percentage of burns that Liebeck sustained and this could be avoided. McDonalds needs to ensure that there is a lot of consumer awareness on the use of their products in future. This can be explained from the fact that the complainant also made a mistake by putting the hot cup of coffee between her knees. In normal circumstances an enlightened consumer can not do such a mistake. The owners of custom cleaners could a lso have avoided this problem. They could have labeled the pants and other clothes well so that they don’t go to other dry cleaners as this seemed to be the basis of Pearson’s lawsuit. In future, they need to ensure that they avoid such petty mistakes that can end up being costly. On the other hand, they should ensure that they deliver on time as expected by customers to avoid any inconveniences. This is necessary as the customer can sue them for subjecting him/her to emotional suffering. In addition, they need to enhance their record keeping as the problem seems to have emanated from there. Conclusion The key fact about the first case is that Stella was not driving when she pulled the lid off but rather she was on the passenger’s seat. She had ordered for coffee from the drive-through window of the company’s franchised restaurant. In the second case, Roy L. Pearson sued Custom Cleaners for several million dollars for damages resulting from a lost pair of trousers. The company in question was a dry cleaning establishment owned by the Chungs. In both cases, the judges made the best and appropriate decisions in relation to the law. Starting from Liebecks case the company had a case to answer. It is evident that there were numerous cases that had been filed in relation to McDonalds products. The cases are estimated to be 700. This therefore raises a question about the company’s commitment in resolving this issue even when it had foreseen it coming (through the cases filled). In the second case of Pearson, the ruling was fair as the dry cleaners had not contravened any law. There was no evidence that they had breached any law in handling his pants. In fact, the pants were ready for collection at the agreed date. The judge did not see any case that the dry cleaners were supposed to answer. Reference List Bainbridge, S. 2004. Trial lawyer propaganda at KOS. Retrieved from https://www.professorbainbridge.com/professorbainbridgecom/2 004/08/trial-lawyerjohn-edwards-propaganda-at-kos.html Coase, H. 1990. The Firm, the Market and the Law. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Fisher, M. 2007. Wearing Down the Judicial System with a Pair of Pants. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Gerlin, A. 1994. A Matter of Degree: How a Jury decided that a Coffee Spill is worth $2.9 Million. USA: Washington DC. Koppel, N. 2010. Pants judge: Roy Pearson strikes out in court. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Steiner, E. 2007. More on the Verdict in Pearson v. Custom Cleaners. Washington D.C: The Washington Post. Ted, F. 2005. Urban legends and Stella Liebeck and the McDonald’s coffee case. Retrieved from https://www.overlawyered.com/2005/10/urban-legends-and-stella-liebeck-and-the-mcdonalds-coffee-case/ This essay on Legal Environment: Torts and Product Liability was written and submitted by user Ronald Nunez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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After service with the Atlantic Fleet Auxiliary Division in the Gulf of Mexico, Jupiter was switched to cargo duty in April 1917. Assigned to the Naval Overseas Transport Service, Jupiter sailed in support of US efforts during World War I, and made two cargo voyages to Europe (June 1917 and November 1918).   During its first Atlantic crossing, the collier carried a naval aviation detachment commanded by Lieutenant Kenneth Whiting. These were the first American military aviators to reach Europe. Returning to coaling duties in January 1919, Jupiter operated in European waters to facilitate the return of troops serving with the American Expeditionary Forces following the end of the war. Later that year, the ship received orders to return to Norfolk for conversion into an aircraft carrier. Arriving on December 12, 1919, the ship was decommissioned the following March. 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Philosophical assignment 4 - Essay Example â€Å"Things†, on the other hand, implies the object of experience. However, in the historical context, it is profoundly imperative to comprehend what type of function the meaning of Protagoras’s statement plays as well as the influence that it has on the contemporary society. In addition, the statement advocates subjectivistic individualism, which concerns the sense perception, as well as the general truth (Ophuijsen, Raalte, and Stork 198). Plato argues that values such as morality cannot be objective but subjective similar to the matter of taste. Protagoras’ thesis offered a profound philosophical basis for the sophistic understanding of wisdom. This Protagoras epistemology disapproves the statement that if information is knowledgeable, then it should be true universally and not to a particular individual irrespective of the societal background. Additionally, Protagoras and his followers did not agree that ethical duties and morality must be universal. Thus, if it is true that knowledge is relative to a particular person, then the wisdom must be

Particular social system Essay Example for Free

Particular social system Essay Ethics is the discipline that deals with the good and the bad as well as with the moral duty and responsibility of an individual. It can also be defined as the study of the choices made by individuals as regards right and wrong (Marie, 2005). Ethics is mainly concerned with the philosophy that results in a particular behavior. Ethics are of different types, and they differ in terms of their application in different contexts. Ethics state the working of a particular social system. They point towards the utilization of morality. At birth, as indicated by Be The Dream (2009), everyone is practically a blank slate. The period of infancy is characterized by total emptiness. The only skill an infant is equipped with is crying in order to attract the attention of the other people. Infants are contented with just lying watching the world revolve around them until they need something. However, as life progresses, individuals develop values in accordance with what they have previously learned or gone through (Be The Dream, 2009). The main intent of developing ethics is to set up the capacity to come up with rational judgment and ethical decisions. The whole process of personal ethics development is continuous and goes on through out life (Marie, 2005). Personal ethics, morals and values go hand in hand. Values are beneficial aspects learned from childhood, either as a result of interaction with the environment or from parents. Morals are the inherent beliefs that develop from the values system of the way an individual should react in a particular situation (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Ethics, on the other hand, are characterized by an individual’s reaction to difficult situations. Ethics play a major role of testing the morals of an individual. Personal ethics are instilled by the culture, environment as well as the background in which an individual is brought up (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2010). Family values in addition to traditional values are very important in the upbringing of a child. These values play a major role in assisting an individual develop personal ethics at a very tender age. Various personal ethics include: honesty, loyalty, punctuality, open-mindedness, self respect as well as respect for others and fairness (Marie, 2005). Hatcher (2007) states that the expression of one’s ethics is not always comprehended in the global context at large, immediate surrounding, or even among the closest family members. This is mainly as a result of the difference in the development of personal ethics. Personal ethics develop early in life through interaction with family, church, school, and other members of the general community. All these people play part in helping one mold his/her beliefs (Hatcher, 2007). Personal ethics are established through unconscious observations as well as experiences of childhood. Personal ethics narrate values that help an individual make sense of his/her life. They enable one to make moral decisions that are not inclined towards the good of an individual but to all people. An ethical person undergoes extensive internal battles, trying to figure out whether his or her actions will negatively impact on others. Personal ethics enable individuals to make decisions that are meant for the benefit of all. They act as an innate factor that enable individuals make rational and morally correct decisions (Hatcher, 2007).

High Taxes in Canada Essay -- essays research papers

Why The Taxes Are So High In Canada   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every government gets the budget from the taxes, and those taxes are collected from people who live in the country and enjoy the benefit and welfare that provided by the government. Therefore, every citizen in every country has to pay taxes, no matter what products or services they purchase. Some countries have heavy taxation, such as Swiss, Japan, and Canada. People always complain about heavy taxation, especially when the one who live in heavy taxation place. A government can tax its citizens directly and it can tax the property they own. There are many kinds of taxes, for example, personal income tax, foreign income tax, property tax, good and service tax, and business tax . .etc. However, people have to look thing on the other side, when they complained about heavy taxation. Most of heavy taxation countries have a better welfare system than others, like Swiss and Canada. There are so many welfare in Canada, and the residents of Canada have to pay higher taxes to government than any other countries. Then government can find the way to balance the high budget. First, Canadian government provides unemployment insurance to all Canadian. This welfare is very important for every one, especially when people lose the job and have to live on. They can get the pay-cheque from government until they find the job. Every-time, people get the job, they have to pay 5% of their salary for unemployment insurance. Unemplo...

James Rachels and Psychological Egoism Essay

Psychological Egoism pertains to the doctrine where the object of all human actions is for the attainment of their self-interests. It occurs even in a situation wherein the acting agent seems to do a particular thing for the benefit of other people because it the very idea that he has able to do good for others may bring satisfaction to him. Psychological Egoism tends to create a bad characterization on the nature of man. It appears that man, in its state of nature, would only act so as to gratify his own interests and get all the things that would satisfy or that are pleasurable for him. As introduced earlier, the mere act of helping other people, just like sacrificing one’s enjoyment for the benefit of other people may showcase the principle of psychological egoism. To reiterate the point of the psychological egoism, all the ends of man is directed towards the attainment of pleasure. Hence, the reason why a person sacrifices his own enjoyment is for his own sake, or for his won pleasure. Therefore, he is not being unselfish but still selfishly acting. In this manner, the concept of altruism may not really be possible for the very reason, as presented above (that all acts are geared towards the gratification of self-interests even if an action seems selfless) that there is no really such thing as selflessness but always involves one self. Many people have been hooked with this belief that man is naturally selfish (negative or positive selfishness is still a form of selfishness). As a result, people try to use the principle of psychological egoism to defend their criminal or unjust acts. As how asserted, they are justly doing what their nature asks them to be – that they are acting naturally. But as how Socrates proved Glaucon wrong for saying that an unjust life is always beneficial than a just life, James Rachels attempted to evaluate the arguments held by the advocate of the psychological egoist in saying that man by nature is selfish and that it is natural that all his actions should be for his own pleasure. Rachels’ refutation against psychological egoism starts in his distinction of what it is to be called as selfish and what it is to be called not selfish. For Rachels, selfishness implies that all actions that are for the benefit of oneself and not considering their effects to other people. At the same time, Rachels elaborated the very idea of not being selfish. Not being selfish pertains to an act in which the acting agent considers the feelings or the welfare of other people recognizing the fact that he might do what could give him more pleasure but doing the other act so as to arrive at mutual or common benefit. The common misconception that most people have in considering the doctrine of psychological egoism is that for an act to be named as unselfish is to be able to bring advantages to other people but not getting anything from it. This is obviously the misinterpretation which tends to mislead those who find psychological egoism plausible. Rachels suggests that unselfishness does not necessarily mean absence of any advantage for the acting agent. The idea of being unselfish is that a person might only do things for his own good without taking into consideration other people’s well being but because he recognizes that others may also do the same action against him (considering the concept of justice), then he would not just act for his own sake. What Rachels want to emphasize in the book is the fact that the issue is not on the problem if selflessness is really possible. But what he sees is the fact that selfishness and unselfishness is really different from each other. The mere fact that a person consider how his friend would feel is he will stay with him during his hard times would really not make him selfish. Though he feels happy for helping his friend it does not follow that he isa acting egoistically. He satisfies himself and at the same time he brings good to his friend. And that is unselfishness for Rachels. The arguments of Rachels are so significant in a sense that he really brings out the object of the debate and the misconception imposed by the principle of psychological egoism – that is the distinction of selfishness from unselfishness, and the irrelevance of selflessness in the discussion. Rachels’ recommendations or interpretations against the psychological egoism is viable for the simple reason that one should consider the welfare of others in order that he could also expect that in return, others would also do the same thing. For Socrates, that is what the concept of justice is all about; and the same thing for Rachels. In essence, Rachels’ arguments against the doctrine of psychological egoism presuppose that man is not naturally bad or evil as how the advocates or proponents of psychological or ethical egoism say. He implies that the genuine nature of man is the fact that he looks for other people, he has compassion for them, and he recognizes that he does not only live for himself. In return, the greater good is achieved because if everyone would have the same attitude and realization about the world and mankind then all would be confident that they would not be unjustly treated by others or simply used as means to their ends. To sum up and conclude, Psychological Egoism proved nothing but the truest essence of justice. Rachels successfully shared a very interesting and very enlightening truth about the flaws of the psychological egoism. The debate was not if selflessness is possible or not. But the main argument is whether man could act unselfishly which Rachels proved to be possible. Considering the welfare of other people and at the same time being benefited by the same act was a very delightful idea that was effectively conveyed through Rachels’ arguments.

A History Of The World In Six Glasses

That includes not mixing beer with water. The Greeks always drank wine mixed with water to not become drunk so easily. They also did that to clean the water because wine contained natural antibacterial agents made during fermentation. 3. Describe what is meant by the following quote and provide evidence. â€Å"Wine was Wee Tit' â€Å"Wine was wealth† means that wine was an accurate representation of ones wealth and status. For example, property-owning classes in Athens were categorized based on their vineyard holdings. Also, wine made Greece and people rich. One of Grace's major exports included wine.Another example is that farmers could earn xx more cultivating vines opposed to growing grain. Finally, wine was portrayed on coins in Greece. 4. Describe the symposium a. What was it? The symposium was a formal drinking party in Greece. They were venues for playful but adversarial discussion. Having this reminded the Greeks on how civilized they were. B. How was it ritualistic? The symposium was ritualistic. One example of that was sometimes after the symposium was the Samos. It was a ritual where members of a drinking group (hetaeras) would go onto the streets to show how strong and tightly ended the group was. C.How did it illustrate Greek culture? The symposium illustrated Greek culture because it was a place where they could show off one's intelligence. This shows how Greeks regarded themselves as civilized and everyone else was not. It was also just a place where friends would go to hang out and drink. 5. To what extent was the symposium a suitable venue for getting at the truth? Explain Wine makes people less conscious and aware of surroundings. This means that people will more likely speak the truth because many times people will lie to not get in trouble. The Greeks knew this and therefore many debates happened while they were drinking wine. . Compare and Contrast the use of wine in Greece and Rome. (Provide any combination of three similarities an d differences) The use of wine in Greece and Rome were similar in some ways. First, wine was an important part of life for both people; it was a universal staple drink. They both believed in drinking wine in a civilized manner. Both included mixing wine with water. Also, wine was a factor in determining wealth. The rich in both places drank wine that was very limited. The final similarity in the SE of wine shared by Greece and Rome was where they drank it.Although the Symposium (Greece) and the Conniving (Rome) were different in the specifics that went on, they were both places where people went to hang out and drink some wine. The use of wine in Greece and Rome were different in some ways. For example, in Greece wine was a luxury. However, in Rome it was a necessity. The way Romans differentiated the rich and the poor was by the content of their goblets and their ability to name fine wines. The ability to name fine wines showed that they were able to afford those wines. Finally, th e Karate, which was a large vase used to mix water and wine, was rarely used in Rome.The Karate was used often during Greek symposiums. The man in Rome would mix it himself So the need for the Karate was unnecessary. 7. How was wine associated with Christianity? Provide evidence. Wine was associated with Christianity for a few reasons. First of all, a Roman soldier offered Jesus Christ a sponge dipped in wine during his crucifixion. Also according to the bible, Chrism's first miracle was the transformation of 6 jars of water into wine. Christ also offered wine to his disciples at the last upper, which led to the role of wine in Eucharist.Eucharist was a Christian ritual where bread & wine symbolizes Jesus Chrism's body and blood. 8. Explain and analyze change and continuity in the use Of wine from the classical Mediterranean world to today. Even today, there is still much continuity in the use of wine from the classical Mediterranean world. One example is that wine contain uses to b e regarded as vote most civilized drink. The symposium and conniving has now evolved into the modern suburban dinner party. A similarity in what goes on in a symposium and a modern dinner party sis they both fuel intelligent concussion.This includes science, politics, math etc. Even now, the host chooses the wine and how expensive it is due to the importance of the occasion and social standing. There are some changes in the use of wine from the classical Mediterranean world to today. Countries that drink the most wine in the world would have been regarded as barbarians by Greece and Rome. These countries include Germany, Austria, and Belgium etc. Another change is the accessibility of wine. Wine is extremely abundant nowadays and today every one of every social standing can easily obtain wine.

12 French Verbs You Might Not Be Using

12 French Verbs You Might Not Be Using Even after nearly a decade of French classes and numerous visits to France, there were some verbs that I didnt use until I moved here and was immersed in the language and culture. Some I had never learned, while others just seemed unusual or unnecessary. In case youre in the same boat, here are a dozen French verbs that I find essential in France, even if my French teachers didnt seem to think so.AssumerTo be fair, assumer is not a verb that I use every day, but I sure hear it a lot, especially in movies and TV shows. It doesnt mean to assume as in to take something for granted (the French translation of that meaning is prà ©sumer), but rather to assume / take on responsbility for something. So its very common in dramatic scenarios, like when one character does something wrong and another character tells him to accept the consequences.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aprà ¨s son accident, jai dà » assumer le rà ´le de mon collà ¨gue.  Ã‚  Ã‚  After his accident, I had to take on / assume my collea gues role.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cest toi qui las fait, alors assume  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  You did it, so accept the consequences!Conjugating assumer | Using assumerSe dà ©brouillerIts funny that I only learned this verb after Id been studying French for many years, because se dà ©brouiller is perfect for describing less than perfect language skills. Possible translations include to get by, to manage, to cope. Se dà ©brouiller can also refer to getting by in non-language situations, and the non-reflexive dà ©brouiller means to untangle, to sort out.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il se dà ©brouille bien en franà §ais.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He gets by fairly well in French, He speaks fairly good French.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tu te dà ©brouilles trà ¨s bien.  Ã‚  Ã‚  You do very well for yourself, You make a good living.Conjugating dà ©brouiller | Using dà ©brouillerFaillirI love the verb faillir, partly because its not equivalent to a verb in English, but rather an adverb: to almost (do something).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai failli manquer lautobus.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I almost missed the bus.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elle a failli tomber ce matin.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She nearly fell this morning.Conjugating faillir | Using faillirFicherFicher has a number of different meanings and uses. In the normal register, ficher means to file or to stick/drive (something) into (something). Informally, ficher means to do, to give, to put, and more.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a dà ©j fichà © les documents.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He already filed the documents.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mais quest-ce que tu fiches, l  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  What the heck are you doing?Conjugating ficher | Using ficherIgnorerIgnorer is another great French verb that needs an adverb in the English translation: to not know. Sure, you can also say ne pas savoir, but ignorer is shorter and somehow more elegant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jignore comment elle la fait.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I dont know how she did it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il prà ©tend ignorer pourquoi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He claims not to know why.Conjugating ignorer | Using ignorerInstallerYou know installer means to install, put in, set up, but it has additional meanings: to put up (e.g., curtains) and to furnish (a room). Sinstaller means to settle (into a lodging), to set oneself up, to sit down, or to take hold.  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Tu as bien installà © ton appartement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Youve furnished your apartment nicely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous nous sommes enfin installà ©s dans la nouvelle maison.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Were finally settled in the new home.Conjugating installer | Using installerRangerRanger means to arrange, tidy, put away - any sort of action related to putting things where they belong. (Please, no comments on why I didnt know this verb.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peux-tu maider ranger la cuisine  ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Could you help me tidy up the kitchen?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a rangà © les documents dans le tiroir.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He put the documents away in the drawer.Conjugating ranger | Using rangerSe rà ©galerIts not surprising that the French have a verb, se rà ©galer, for talking about how delicious something is, but what is unusual is that the subject of the verb in the English translation can be different. Note that se rà ©galer can also mean to have a good time, and that rà ©galer means either to treat someone to a meal or to regale someone with a story.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je me suis rà ©galà © !  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was delici ous! I had a delicious meal!  Ã‚  Ã‚  On sest bien rà ©galà © la fà ªte.  Ã‚  Ã‚  We had a great time at the party. Conjugating rà ©galer | Using rà ©galerRisquerYou likely use risquer to talk about risks, but what you might not know is that it can also be used for positive possibilities.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attention, tu risques de tomber.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Careful, you might fall.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je pense vraiment que notre à ©quipe risque de gagner.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really think our team might win.Conjugating risquer | Using risquerTenirTenir is another verb with a whole host of meanings that you might not be aware of: to hold, keep, run (a business), take up (space), and more.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peux-tu tenir mon sac ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can you hold my bag?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ses affaires tiennent pas mal de place.  Ã‚  Ã‚  His things take up a fair amount of space.Conjugating tenir | Using tenirTrierThe verb trier is used to talk about sorting everything from recyclables to baskets of fruit.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut trier avant de recycler.  Ã‚  Ã‚  You have to sort (your garbage) before recycling (it).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beaucoup de ces frambois es sont pourries - aide-moi les trier.  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot of these raspberries are rotten - help me sort them (separate the good and bad ones). Conjugating trier | Using trierTutoyerThe quintessential French verb, you can use tutoyer only when you think its time to take your relationships to the next level: switching from vous to tu. (And dont forget about its antonym vouvoyer.)  Ã‚  Ã‚  On peut se tutoyer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can we use tu?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normalement, on tutoie ses parents.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normally, people use tu with their parents.Conjugating tutoyer | Using tutoyerRelated lessons:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Top 10 verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 verbs you might be overusing

Advantages and Disadvantages of Children’s Use of Internet

Advantages and Disadvantages of Childrens Use of Internet Today children know how to use the internet, cell phone and know how to play video games. Technology is getting more advanced and children are becoming smarter. Children’s curiosity makes them want to know about everything, which is a good thing because this shows that children want to learn more with modern technology because it becomes natural to learn and understand easily. Childhood is about exploring and the internet changes the children’s learning and communication. From reading â€Å"How Technology Makes Kids Smarter†by Julie Ann, research has shown that children with access to computers early are more confident compared to the ones that used technology at a later age. The internet helps students work outside of their school and interact with others. It is important for students to have socializing skills because it helps them be more outgoing (Ann). It is important for children to spend time with their friends and family because when they need a job, the y need to learn to talk professionally, but they won’t know how. The internet can help, but it’s better to be opened minded and use the internet for a good cause. The internet is a fun environment, but it depends on how you use it because being smart and socialized is important as you get older. The internet offers fast communication, for example, emails, chat services and social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and more. The networking sites offer socializing, but it shouldn’t be necessary that people and children use the internet for socializing purposes only. Communicating through electronics continue to expand and it makes opportunities for the future.The internet is everywhere and everything is done online, for example, shopping or finding information. Many children are offering help to the elders on how to use the internet. After understanding how to use the internet, information on anything they need can be found. It is easy to access information and that has made this generation smarter than the children from the previous generations(â€Å"Are Social Networking Sites Good for Our Society?†). The internet is never-ending and is available 24/7. All data are available and it is well structured to make it easy to understand, which satisfies the child’s desire for knowledge without a teacher. Research studies have shown that children who use the internet are smarter and sociable compared to those who don’t use internet services. Technology has developed gradually since the last generation. Children are encouraged to use the internet for research because they understand it better and they can find detailed information on any topic. When they figure out how to use the search tools on the internet, they will be able to increase their knowledge on anything they want or need. Children today evolve fast and they are smarter than the children of the same age in the last generation and I believe that the internet is the cause of this. Computer are the best way to study because they are full of information and it is convenient for students (Ann). The internet has everything the children need to know, for example, homework, tutoring, educational videos, â€Å"how-to† videos and instructions on things that are difficult for us. The internet has everything that children need to know for education. If children didn’t understand something in class, they can look it up on Google. There are many reliable sites that help children learn and prepare them for tests, for example, Khanacademy.org, which is a popular website for world-class education for anyone. At school, teachers recommend students to look over specific sites to learn from. This shows that children are becoming smarter because of the internet because the internet can help with education and to help children learn what is happening around the world. All school have a computer system that is used as a research device. The inter net can answer questions for curious children, and they can search it easily.

In the current economic climate in Britain,the risks of starting up a Essay

In the current economic climate in Britain,the risks of starting up a new business outweight the benefits.DIscuss - Essay Example Another thing is about financing, the business may require continuous financing that may be unavailable. Finally, the management of a new business can either be a catalyst to failure or success. However, there a few benefits that have encouraged startups such as government policy and availability of raw materials. It is therefore apparent that the risks that a startup business faces in Britain are far much compared to the benefits. Firstly, the business is affected by factors within its control and reach. The management of an upcoming business can easily lead the company to failure due to many challenges that are experienced. They should have both long-term and short-term goals for the business and ensure they are implemented. A shaky management can contribute greatly to a business failure. The business owners have the capacity to find the best individuals to steer the business to success. Marketing strategy should be in place and should have a target market. A failure in this aspect will result to losses in the business hence closure. Financial management is also required when starting a new business; the available resources should be used maximally. Failure to do this will strain the business and if takes long before it breaks even, then there is a possibility of it closing down. Other aspects are outside the business control. These include regulations, market dynamics among other external factors. The demand for several products and services has continued to shift. Despite the increased and improved quality, new business, find it difficult to penetrate the market because the existing demand itself is below the supply. This is the reason why market survey is necessary before engaging in any business. Government regulations especially those developed in the process of establishment of a business can result to closure due to the requirements of conformity. Despite the risks that are associated with new